How is power divided in the US?
The main division of power in the US is the separation of branches. In the US there are three branches, executuve (the president), legislative (Congress) and Judicial (Supreme Court), all which check and balance the other branches.
How does one gain power in the US?
Power is gained a couple of ways in the US. Power in the government usually comes from being a charismatic, popular, well spoken leader with a a large funding basis--many politicians rise to power starting as a Senator or Governor and through speeches, money, and popularity become President. Power in the business world usually comes from a combination of luck, ruthlessness, background, connections, and ideas. America has a very capitalist economy which changes how power is gained in the business world. In a pure capitalism everyone has a fair shot at gaining power and climbing to the top of the totem pole. While this is not completely the case in America, a good amount of opportunity exists.
US Political System:
The US has one of the more established and complex political systems in the world. What comes to mind first is the document that is the foundation of American Government--the Constitution. Embedded in the Constitution is a separation of powers which is also a significant trademark of the American political system. The President (Executive branch) is a limited ruler, elected to office through political primaries usually from one of the main two political parties in the US. The two party system and political primary system are also representative of the US political system. Next is Congress: inside of Congress lies the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two Senators from every state while the representation in the House is proportional. The Judicial branch houses the Supreme Court, the major law enforcement entity in the country. Beneath all the upper tiers of government is a rich and deep political culture that plays a huge role in driving the US political system. The number of participants in the US is one of the highest in the world. Congress and the executive branch are also (unfortunately) very tied into business nowadays. Businesses provide huge amount of funds and exercise huge amounts of influence in decisions made throughout government.
Externality: A consequence of economic activity. Can be positive or negative.
Tuesday, September 18, 2012
Great Britain
How Power is divided:
Although technically a monarchy, the power of the monarch are mostly ceremonial. Based on Montesquieu's concept of separation of power, the actual British government is divided into 3 branches. Like the United States, it is separated into an executive branch, a legislative branch, and a judiciary branch. However, the power is not divided as specifically as seen in the United States. The executive branch is made up of Ministers. All Ministers must be in Parliament, the bicameral legislative branch. Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons holds the most power and is made up of elected members. The House of Lords holds less power and is made up of officials either appointed by the Queen or who gained the position through their family. Although this seems undemocratic, the House of Lords holds few responsibilities in relation to the House of Commons. The judiciary system consists of the courts but is complicated due to the fact that Great Britain contains 3 separate countries, each with their own set of laws. As previously mentioned, the lines the divide power are blurred. All Ministers are in Parliament, some senior judges are members of the House of Lords, and all Ministers are head of specific government departments.
How One Gains Power:
Consisting of both the executive and legislative branches, Parliament is where the power lies in the British government. In the past, members of the House of Lords were mostly granted their power through heredity but it is becoming more common for the Queen to appoint members. The House of Commons are elected by the people. Britain uses a "first past the post" system of voting. All members of the House of Commons gain their position through these elections, which take place at most 5 years apart. The Queen is born into royalty. However, her position is more symbolic than functional making her a simply a cultural icon.
Political System:
Great Britain is has no written constitution, making it part of a group that includes only itself, Israel, and New Zealand. There are several documents and events that lead to an accepted structure and separation of government. The Prime Minister is has become more powerful in the last century. Acting similar to a President when dealing with foreign nations, appointing a cabinet, and assigning the head of departments. As the legislative branch, Parliament creates and passes laws. The judiciary system is complex in comparison to other nations'. The complications of having no written constitution (or bill of rights) and incorporating three countries separate laws, all with their own subtleties. The House of Commons is the only representative, yet most powerful part of the government. The elections are open to all citizens of 18 years or older, and have improved the participation percentage from the previous election.
How Power is divided:
Although technically a monarchy, the power of the monarch are mostly ceremonial. Based on Montesquieu's concept of separation of power, the actual British government is divided into 3 branches. Like the United States, it is separated into an executive branch, a legislative branch, and a judiciary branch. However, the power is not divided as specifically as seen in the United States. The executive branch is made up of Ministers. All Ministers must be in Parliament, the bicameral legislative branch. Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons holds the most power and is made up of elected members. The House of Lords holds less power and is made up of officials either appointed by the Queen or who gained the position through their family. Although this seems undemocratic, the House of Lords holds few responsibilities in relation to the House of Commons. The judiciary system consists of the courts but is complicated due to the fact that Great Britain contains 3 separate countries, each with their own set of laws. As previously mentioned, the lines the divide power are blurred. All Ministers are in Parliament, some senior judges are members of the House of Lords, and all Ministers are head of specific government departments.
How One Gains Power:
Consisting of both the executive and legislative branches, Parliament is where the power lies in the British government. In the past, members of the House of Lords were mostly granted their power through heredity but it is becoming more common for the Queen to appoint members. The House of Commons are elected by the people. Britain uses a "first past the post" system of voting. All members of the House of Commons gain their position through these elections, which take place at most 5 years apart. The Queen is born into royalty. However, her position is more symbolic than functional making her a simply a cultural icon.
Political System:
Great Britain is has no written constitution, making it part of a group that includes only itself, Israel, and New Zealand. There are several documents and events that lead to an accepted structure and separation of government. The Prime Minister is has become more powerful in the last century. Acting similar to a President when dealing with foreign nations, appointing a cabinet, and assigning the head of departments. As the legislative branch, Parliament creates and passes laws. The judiciary system is complex in comparison to other nations'. The complications of having no written constitution (or bill of rights) and incorporating three countries separate laws, all with their own subtleties. The House of Commons is the only representative, yet most powerful part of the government. The elections are open to all citizens of 18 years or older, and have improved the participation percentage from the previous election.
Nigeria
How is power divided?
The Federal Republic of Nigeria divides power between three branches of government. They are the executive branch, legislative branch, and the judicial branch. The excutive branch consists of the chief of state and the head of government. The chief of state and the head of government is the president. In the executive branch there is also the cabinet in which members of the cabinet oversee the 19 federal ministries. The presidents known as the Federal Executive Council is required to appoint one representative from the 36 different states into the cabinet.
The legislative branch is a bicameral legislative body known as the National Assembly. It is made up by the house of representatives and senate. There are 360 seats in side of the house of representives; seats are decided by the population of each state. In the senate there are 109 seats; 3 seats per state and 1 seat for the capital city Abuja. Abuja is considered to be a federal capital territory.
The judicial branch Is made up of the suprem court, the court of appeals, and the federal high court. The suprem court has as many as 15 justices, and it is presided over by a chief justice. The members of the suprem court are nominated by the president but need to be approved by the senate. The federal court of appeals has minimum of 35 justices, there need to be at least three experts justices in Sharia law , and three experts in customary law.
How does one gain power?
One comes to power through the process of elections. There is universal adult suffrage in Nigeria. People are elected by popular vote. Members of the national assembly are elected for four year terms. They are allowed to serve a a maximum of two terms. The same is true for the president.
Explain the political system:
Nigeria has a constitution that was put into effect on May 31, 1999. The People's Democratic Party has control of the House, The senate, and the current president is a member of the People's Democratic Party. People are elected by first-past-the-post that makes it more likely that it is a two party system. There are four diffrent types of law: English Law, Common Law, Customary Law, and Sharia Law. English law is based off of laws that were put in place in Nigeria while Nigeria was still a colony of England. Common law is laws that are based off of a precendent that has occurred since independence. Customary Law is based off of traditions. Sharia law is also known as Islamic law. It is subject to the consent of Muslims. It is based off of Islamic ideologies.
Externalities: Existing outside of a perceived object.
The legislative branch is a bicameral legislative body known as the National Assembly. It is made up by the house of representatives and senate. There are 360 seats in side of the house of representives; seats are decided by the population of each state. In the senate there are 109 seats; 3 seats per state and 1 seat for the capital city Abuja. Abuja is considered to be a federal capital territory.
The judicial branch Is made up of the suprem court, the court of appeals, and the federal high court. The suprem court has as many as 15 justices, and it is presided over by a chief justice. The members of the suprem court are nominated by the president but need to be approved by the senate. The federal court of appeals has minimum of 35 justices, there need to be at least three experts justices in Sharia law , and three experts in customary law.
How does one gain power?
One comes to power through the process of elections. There is universal adult suffrage in Nigeria. People are elected by popular vote. Members of the national assembly are elected for four year terms. They are allowed to serve a a maximum of two terms. The same is true for the president.
Explain the political system:
Nigeria has a constitution that was put into effect on May 31, 1999. The People's Democratic Party has control of the House, The senate, and the current president is a member of the People's Democratic Party. People are elected by first-past-the-post that makes it more likely that it is a two party system. There are four diffrent types of law: English Law, Common Law, Customary Law, and Sharia Law. English law is based off of laws that were put in place in Nigeria while Nigeria was still a colony of England. Common law is laws that are based off of a precendent that has occurred since independence. Customary Law is based off of traditions. Sharia law is also known as Islamic law. It is subject to the consent of Muslims. It is based off of Islamic ideologies.
Externalities: Existing outside of a perceived object.
Russia
How does one gain power?
-Elections are held with universal suffrage at 18. Once a President is elected he serves two consecutive 6-year terms and appoints a Prime Minister (formally known as the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation) who must also be approved by the State Duma, a lower house in the Federal Assembly.
How is the power divided?
3 main branches of government:
-Executive: President and the Prime Minister
-Judicial: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration, Office of procurator general
-Legislative: The Federal Assembly
Explain the Political System:
-Currently attempting to become a more liberal democracy but is actually more of a "managed democracy" or a "sovereign democracy" because of President Putin's rule
-The main political parties in Russia as recognized by the State Duma: United Russia (main/biggest party), Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, A Just Russia.
-The President has the most power, followed by the Prime Minister who makes mostly in an administrative role.
-Elections to the State Duma are held every 5 years and it consists of 450 members. The role of this House is approve or dismiss all bills before they are sent to the Federal Assembly. The State Duma also deals with amnesty as well as the appointment of various chairmen to Central Bank of Russia or the Commissioner for Human Rights. Currently the biggest debate in Russia is whether the power of the government should be regional or central.
Externalities is defined as a cost or benefit that is not transmitted directly through prices.
-Elections are held with universal suffrage at 18. Once a President is elected he serves two consecutive 6-year terms and appoints a Prime Minister (formally known as the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation) who must also be approved by the State Duma, a lower house in the Federal Assembly.
How is the power divided?
3 main branches of government:
-Executive: President and the Prime Minister
-Judicial: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration, Office of procurator general
-Legislative: The Federal Assembly
Explain the Political System:
-Currently attempting to become a more liberal democracy but is actually more of a "managed democracy" or a "sovereign democracy" because of President Putin's rule
-The main political parties in Russia as recognized by the State Duma: United Russia (main/biggest party), Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, A Just Russia.
-The President has the most power, followed by the Prime Minister who makes mostly in an administrative role.
-Elections to the State Duma are held every 5 years and it consists of 450 members. The role of this House is approve or dismiss all bills before they are sent to the Federal Assembly. The State Duma also deals with amnesty as well as the appointment of various chairmen to Central Bank of Russia or the Commissioner for Human Rights. Currently the biggest debate in Russia is whether the power of the government should be regional or central.
Externalities is defined as a cost or benefit that is not transmitted directly through prices.
Nigeria
How is power divided up?
It is similar to the United States. There are three branches of goverment. There is a bicameral National Assembly consisting of a 360-member House of Representatives and a 109-member Senate. The president heads the executive branch. The executive branch is divided into Federal Ministries, headed by a minister appointed by the President. This is similar to the cabinet in the United States. The judiciary includes a Supreme Court and lower courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land. The People's Democratic Party has the majority of seats in both the House of Representatives (260) and the Senate (85). The current President of Nigeria is part of the People's Democratic Party.
How does one gain power?
Power is gained through elections. Elections are through universal suffrage. These elections have not always been fair. Some have been rigged. Since the new constitution was created in 1999, the elections have been more fair and legitimate. Federal ministers in the "cabinet" are chosen by the president. The Senate and the House of Representatives are both are four year terms
Explain the political system.
The legal system is based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law. Nigeria is a federal republic. It has thirty-six states, one federal territory, and 774 municipalities. Power resides in the central government, which controls most of the country’s revenues and resources. Critical sectors include security and the Niger Delta (20%); education (8%); transportation (7%); agriculture and water (5%); and energy (5%).
externalities-when an activity produces costs that are involved with the producer or the user
It is similar to the United States. There are three branches of goverment. There is a bicameral National Assembly consisting of a 360-member House of Representatives and a 109-member Senate. The president heads the executive branch. The executive branch is divided into Federal Ministries, headed by a minister appointed by the President. This is similar to the cabinet in the United States. The judiciary includes a Supreme Court and lower courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land. The People's Democratic Party has the majority of seats in both the House of Representatives (260) and the Senate (85). The current President of Nigeria is part of the People's Democratic Party.
How does one gain power?
Power is gained through elections. Elections are through universal suffrage. These elections have not always been fair. Some have been rigged. Since the new constitution was created in 1999, the elections have been more fair and legitimate. Federal ministers in the "cabinet" are chosen by the president. The Senate and the House of Representatives are both are four year terms
Explain the political system.
The legal system is based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law. Nigeria is a federal republic. It has thirty-six states, one federal territory, and 774 municipalities. Power resides in the central government, which controls most of the country’s revenues and resources. Critical sectors include security and the Niger Delta (20%); education (8%); transportation (7%); agriculture and water (5%); and energy (5%).
externalities-when an activity produces costs that are involved with the producer or the user
How does one gain power in this country?
The electoral system is not a big part of the Chinese
political system, however elections are held at local levels. Rather, delegates
to the National People’s Congress are chosen at the provincial level congresses,
and from these nominations delegates are appointed to top governmental offices
by the Congress. The president himself is chosen by the NPC, and is term limited to two 5- year
terms.
How does power divide in this country?
Power is divided mainly along four levels: the National
People’s Congress, the State Council, the judiciary branches, and the President.
The NPC is the highest level of state power under the constitution of China,
and holds ultimate legislative authority over all the regions in the country.
The State Council is the center of executive power in the People’s Republic of
China as well as the main body involved in lawmaking. The premier is the head
of government in the State Council, which also includes a central bank
governor. The judicial sector consists of three types of courts: the Supreme
People’s Court, Local Courts, and Special Courts and each deals with more
localized sectors of governance. Finally the President holds some power in
China, however it is mainly a ceremonial position. The President is the head of
the People’s Republic, but does not head the government, rather, he acts under
the orders of the NPC and the Standing Committee of the NPC (which has the
power to force resignation of the president). The President does, however, have
power to proclaim martial law, declare a state of war, and issue mobilization
orders once ordered to do so by the NPC.
Explain the political system:
The Chinese political system is based on democratic
centralism (internal political organization). This implies that the members of
the Communist party are allowed to debate policy, but only majority vote takes
effect- it is as Vladimir Lenin said, “freedom of discussion, unity of action”.
This system creates a representational power structure in which each region
chooses a representative who then work in a domino-effect election of
representatives. The Chinese government consists of many different
sub-categories, including” the constitutional system, the system of the people’s
congress (the major branch), the communist party, the multi-party cooperation
and political consultation system, central administration, local
administrations, system of the head of state, the system of the civil servant,
the election system, and the system of self government in ethnic autonomous
areas.
Externalities: the fact of existing outside the perceiving subject.
Three Questions and the Defintion
a/c. How is the power divided/Political System?
-Executive:
Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI, elected by Assembly of Experts, is the ultimate say in the land
-President: Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD, elected by people for four year term, can have two in a row then has to be non-consecutive
-First Vice president: Mohammad Reza RAHIMI
-Vice Presidents: 8 including the other ones
-Council of Ministers: 22 Cabinet Ministers, selected by Supreme Leader and confirmed by legislative power
-Assembly of Experts: Elected Directly by the people, oversee the Supreme Leader and can remove him from power
-Assembly of Experts: Elected Directly by the people, oversee the Supreme Leader and can remove him from power
-Expediency Council: oversee the other branches and settles legislative issues
-Council of Guardians: makes sure that proposed law is both Constitutional and follows Islamic law
Legislative:
-Islamic Consultive Assembly
-unicameral
-290 seats
-elected by popular vote
-four year term
Judicial:
-one over-arching court with four smaller ones
-supervise enforcement of laws
-help shape legislate
-laws have to pass the Islamic tests/be faithful to the religion
b. How does one gain power?
-most people do not go through political parties
-Ansar-E-Hizballah
-have to be Islamic
- although it is said to be free elections, corruption is prominent throughout the country
-have to be close to someone in power or have a religious background
-have to be close to someone in power or have a religious background
Define Externalities:is a cost or benefit that is not transmitted through prices[1] and is incurred by a party who was not involved as either a buyer or seller of the goods or services causing the cost or benefi
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)